Ed. N.A. Konovalova. – Moscow, St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2017. – 272 p.
M.V. Dutsev
ARTISTIC MEASURING OF ENVIRONMENT: A CITY AS AN INTERMEDIARY
The article is devoted to the problems of the artistic image of the architectural environment and its perception by today's addressee. A special emphasis is placed on urban aesthetics as a new artistic dimension, formed by the contemporary architecture. The modern city still acts as an "interlocutor" and an intermediary in the search for new fundamental meanings of civilization, actual functions, social and spiritual self-identification of a person. Following the most complicated phenomena of reality and constant transformations of the entire cultural field, the architecture is ready to cross its "borders" for better communication with the society. The article is prepared in the mainstream of the theme "Artistic resource of modern city space" and is accompanied by author's photographs of architectural objects.
Keywords: art integration, the boundaries of architecture, contemporary architecture, сreative potential, intermediary, communication, image of the city
M.R. Nevlyutov
THE RETURN OF PLACE
Architecture define sun marked space, and discovers a special place there, which counteracts the environment. While taking out of sight what have been there before the place retains the particular type of bond with subject of expulsion that psychoanalysis would call "return of the expulsed". Architecture cannot be described only through the signification itself, it needs unobserved reality, repressed by place, which strongly declares it's return with the process of aging and demolition.
Keywords: repression, there turn of the expulsed, body, place, iteration, weathering, ruin
G.A. Ptichnikova
MODELS OF PUBLIC CITY SPACES
The article is devoted to the study of the transformation of urban public spaces caused by new social needs. Based on analysis of public spaces in Russian and foreign cities, models of public spaces have been developed. The author reviews the basic models of the organization of public spaces and identifies new architectural, town-planning, socio-functional, economic and informational forms of public spaces of the modern city, which arose in the context of socio-cultural changes in the society of the 21st century.
Keywords: urban public spaces, city, model, urban development
I.G. Fedchenko
PECULIARITIES OF A “UNIVERSAL URBAN UNIT” DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA
The article analyses the modern residential environment of China on the base of photoanalisis and analysis of literary sources. The living environment in China today is a unique kaleidoscope of mixture of traditions and innovation: in the neighborhood there are historically formed hutongs with a social and cultural context, mass-produced high-density micro-districts of mid-20st century, as "universal urban units", modern residential superblocks integrated with landscape environment, and other combined versions of modern residential units. Today residential units are undergoing socio-planning and cultural transformations: the formation of commercially active spaces, the consolidation of buildings associated with changes in land use rules, the emergence of new public facilities and territories associated with the introduction of self-governance mechanisms in established boundaries of the micro-district (universal urban unit). The newest conceptions of planning interpretations of Chinese typical micro-districts are based on combining the ideas of the American neighborhood and the Soviet micro-district. Today China develops the ideas of megastructures - superblocks - combining the functions of employment and housing (SOHO).
Keywords: micro-district, "universal urban unit", superblock, SOHO
N.A. Unagayeva
RAILWAY AND ITS MAINTENANCE TERRITORIES IN THE STRUCTURE OF KRASNOYARSK CITY
The railway plays an important role in the development of the Krasnoyarsk city. It is necessary to assess the potential and city-forming functions that already existed in the original plans of railroad territories, to reconsider the attitude to them as sites of minor importance. The search for the most rational directions of urban-planning renovation of the railway and its territories in the structure of the Krasnoyarsk city is not only an important object of research in the Urban-Planning Department of the Institute of Architecture and Design, but also a topic that attracts the professional community of the city.
Keywords: railway, urban-planning renovation, structure of the Krasnoyarsk city
I.N. Eeterevskaya
LANDSCAPE AND URBAN-PLANNING ASPECTS OF FORMATION OF PUBLIC CITY SPACES, INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
The methods of formation of urban public spaces are reviewed in the article on the example of foreign experience: local areas, linear pedestrian zones, multifunctional separate city spaces, based on their social-urban planning significance and characteristics of interaction between artificial and natural components of the urban environment. The article identifies the main means of achieving the architectural and spatial integrity of natural components and the structure of urban public spaces.
Keywords: urban planning, urban environment, urban public space, landscape design, landscape and urban reconstruction
N.A. Konovalova
CONTEMPORARY GARDENS IN JAPAN: TRANSFORMATIONS AND CONSTANTS
The Japanese garden, which is one of the symbols of the country, was a necessary attribute of traditional Japanese buildings (from a residential building to a temple complex). In the 20th century, being affected by the tendency to tighten space, the garden, remaining a very important element of traditional culture, transforms, taking the role of an image of the traditional idea of harmony with the nature. High density of Japanese cities resulted in unusual architectural and landscape structures: the emergence of vertical, multilayered gardens, and roof gardens.
Keywords: contemporary Japanese garden, roof gardens, vertical gardens, micro-gardens, “garden of fine arts”
E.A. Komissarova
WISDOM OF TRADITION
Architecture, of course, was dependent on the hot climate, but it was also based on solving other problems related to the landscape, religion and relations in society.
For a long period, the architects were searching for the creation and improvement of methods for cooling dwellings. So, as a result of efforts of more than one generation, stable traditions were born which can be characterized as bioclimatic, based on passive ways of cooling and ventilation. People were able to subdue the wind and made an environmentally friendly source of energy the main assistant in the fight against high temperatures.
Clear rules gradually developed based on unshakable principles, which absorbed the most effective ways of regulating the microclimate of the premises. The function of usefulness, satisfaction of vital needs, was defined as a fundamental category of regional architecture.
The simplest and the most effective way of using wind energy and screening out part of the solar energy was the facade with oriented holes of small diameter, playing the role of wind turbines. Perforated or mashed facade, was adopted by modern architects, as the most functional and aesthetically pleasing experience of previous generations. With the help of digital technologies, new versions of the traditional grating are invented, its quality, capabilities and textures became more complex.
Keywords: bioclimatic architecture of the emirates, preservation of traditions, perforated facade, mashrabia, passive cooling, modern architecture, contemporary architecture of the UAE
S.A. Sukhorukov
CONTEMPORARY MAUSOLEUMS IN IRAN
The article is devoted to the features of the contemporary mausoleums erected in Iran. The history of the burial structures in the East dates back hundreds of years. On the territory of modern country mausoleums were erected during various states. Unfortunately by the 20th century a lot of buildings had been completely destroyed or preserved very badly and only during the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty (1925-1979) many tombs were erected a new or reconstructed. These are structures at the burial sites of great scientists and poets such as Saadi, Ferdowsi, Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and others.
Particular emphasis is given to the burial buildings erected for the modern politicians - Reza Shah Pahlavi and Imam Khomeini. The article thoroughly examines the characteristics of contemporary funerary architecture and shows not only its connections with the past but some interesting ideas of the present time as well.
Keywords: contemporary mausoleum, architecture of Iran, аrchitecture of the East, Saadi, Hafez, Ferdowsi, Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Reza Shah Pahlavi, Imam Khomeini
S.B. Moiseyeva
FORMATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF CONTEMPORARY RURAL SETTLEMENTS USING MONUMENTS OF CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE
The article is dedicated to the fund of monuments of history and culture that exists in rural areas. The article examines whole settlements (Varzuga, Vyatskoe, Varnitsa, Tsakhur) as well as separate buildings: churches in the villages of Elm, Veshalovka, Balovnyovo, estates, manufactory buildings, and memorials. The author speaks of the necessity to have a list of sites in each municipality to compile a consolidated national list.
Keywords: cultural and historic heritage, monument, rural areas, historical settlement, church, estate, manufactory building, memorial, list of valuable structures
M.E. Mayevskaya
SKYSCRAPERS IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES’ CINEMA. IDEAS AND IMAGES
The cinematograph of the new century enthusiastically accepted fast development of computer graphics as it significantly widened visual effects of the created movies. During the last 15-20 years the richness of movie space steadily was getting bigger, the complexity and multidimensionality of scenes grew and architectural images and whole character of movie environment was getting more complex.
The author of the article wants to demonstrate and to interpret specificity of representation of the most remarkable towers and high-rise buildings in the popular movies of the last twenty years. New level of quality in representation of movie space has provoked particular interest to demonstration of the famous literary prototypes on the movie screen (such bestsellers as High-rise or The Dark Tower or multiplane images of world of Tolkien’s characters). New wave of screening of the stories of the super heroes from comics and computer games also became quite indicative: those images of the fantasied cities just slightly drafted in book version got real space structure, density and obvious style indications. The article considers examples of not only symbolic movie space of selected virtual movie worlds but particular real projects realized by modern architects inspired by the movies.
Keywords: skyscrapers, cinema, graphic fantasy, town-planning utopia, towers, XXI century, skyline, film images, computer games, comics, cinema space
K.V. Balyan
UNKNOWN COMPETITION
The most important event for the Armenian society in the mid-1960s was the commemoration of the most tragic event in the Armenian history, the genocide that took place half a century before, in 1945. In memory of the greatest national tragedy, a memorial complex called Yegern was constructed in Yerevan. This structure was one of the most important pieces of the Armenian modernism, having influenced the contemporary architecture of Armenia. Before the memorial was built, a competition was held. However, the projects that participated in the competition never attracted the interest of the professional community. This article gives a comprehensive analysis of the architectural projects provided for the competition that remained unknown for a long time.
Keywords: contemporary architecture of Armenia, Yegern memorial complex
A.I. Khomyakov
MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM COMPLEXES: VECTORS OF DEVELOPMENT
The article touches upon the problems of development of memorial and museum complexes on the basis of the last decade’s international design competitions content. The image and planning aspects of the projects are reviewed both in the light of theoretical developments of culturologists and from political positions. The author proposes a hypothesis that there are no contemporary criteria for evaluating this type of public buildings and structures and that they are needed to be developed.
Keywords: memorials, museums, monuments, project competitions, criteria and project evaluation